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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Tahoma;color: #000000;font-size: 10pt;">Dear Mulwa Winfred,
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<div>Substituting cations such as Nd3+ on anion site (O-site) in TiO2 is not expected to be favorable energetically. One good reason comes from the simple ionic picture. Nd3+ will repel the surrounding Ti4+. </div>
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<div>However, in spite of this I doubt the value of 634 eV. Recall that calculating the formation energy of Nd defects in TiO2 requires a reference state for Nd; for example Nd2O3. </div>
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<div>Regards,</div>
<div>Mostafa Youssef </div>
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