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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Tahoma;color: #000000;font-size: 10pt;">Dear Evan and Layla, 

<br>

E(N+x)  where x is a real number can be calculated using tot_charge:<br>

<br>

<a href="http://www.quantum-espresso.org/wp-content/uploads/Doc/INPUT_PW.html#idm6396048" target="_blank">http://www.quantum-espresso.org/wp-content/uploads/Doc/INPUT_PW.html#idm6396048</a><br>

<br>

<br>

The ionization potential is not well-defined in bulk as Layla described but the difference I-A is well-defined for bulk.<br>

<br>

I-A= E(N+1)+E(N)-2E(N)<br>

<br>

<br>

Regards,<br>

Mostafa<br>

MIT<br>

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