<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">Ali: studying and reading is always a good idea. In this case, though, trying to figure out by yourself the "physical reason" could be even more instructive. Hint(s):<div><br><div>1) distinguish first the case of an open-shell atom/molecule from that of a closed-shell one. </div><div><br></div><div>2) The simpler case is that of a closed shell. The ionization potential is the energy necessary to remove an electron from a system which has N of them, all paired into atomic/molecular orbitals. The electron affinity is the energy necessary to remove an electron from a system with the same external potential, but one electron more. In the independent-electron (or mean-field) approximation, the extra electron will necessarily be accomodated into an orbital of higher energy (all the available orbitals of equal or lower energy are occupied by the hypothesis of closed shells) ... can you complete the argument?</div><div><br></div><div>3) In the case of closed shells, the argument is a bit more sophisticated, because the independent-electron approximation would predict the electron affinity to be equal to the ionization potential. Can you tell why? If you can, then it should not be difficult to figure out how to refine the argument. Compare the effective potential (external-plus-electronic) of two systems with the same external potential, but differing in the number of electrons ... which one of the two is more attractive?</div><div><br></div><div>Give yourself 1-2 days of hard thinking, and if you fail to find an answer revert to us ...</div><div><br></div><div>Stefano B</div><div><br><div><div>On May 3, 2010, at 4:24 PM, Matteo Cococcioni wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div><br><br>Dear Ali,<br><br>I think this is a good reference on this topic:<br><br>J. P. Perdew, R. G. Parr, M. Levy, and J. L. Balduz, Phys. Rev.<br>Lett. 49, 1691 (1982)<br><br>Matteo<br><br><br><br><br><a href="mailto:kazempoor@ph.iut.ac.ir">kazempoor@ph.iut.ac.ir</a> wrote:<br><blockquote type="cite">Dear Stefano<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">I now that these are affinity and ionization, But I don't understand why ionization always is grater than affinity? I just want to know the physical reason.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Thanks a lot<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Ali Kazempour<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Physics Department, Isfahn University of Technology<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">----- Original Message -----<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">From: "Stefano de Gironcoli" <<a href="mailto:degironc@sissa.it">degironc@sissa.it</a>><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">To: "PWSCF Forum" <<a href="mailto:pw_forum@pwscf.org">pw_forum@pwscf.org</a>><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Sent: Monday, May 3, 2010 6:10:25 PM<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Subject: Re: [Pw_forum] add or remove electron energy<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">it is the difference between electron affinity and ionization potential.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">stefano<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="mailto:kazempoor@ph.iut.ac.ir">kazempoor@ph.iut.ac.ir</a> wrote:<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">Dear All<br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">I add one electron to an isolated atom and the difference in E(n+1)-E(n)=-0.09 Ryd but when I remove an electron from this atom <br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">I got E(n)-E(n-1)=-0.349 Ryd.<br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">what is the reason for this difference? I think that this behavior is same for every system.<br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">Thanks a lot <br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">Ali Kazempour<br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">Physics Department, Isfahan University of Technology<br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">_______________________________________________<br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite">Pw_forum mailing list<br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite"><a href="mailto:Pw_forum@pwscf.org">Pw_forum@pwscf.org</a><br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite"><a href="http://www.democritos.it/mailman/listinfo/pw_forum">http://www.democritos.it/mailman/listinfo/pw_forum</a><br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">_______________________________________________<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Pw_forum mailing list<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="mailto:Pw_forum@pwscf.org">Pw_forum@pwscf.org</a><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="http://www.democritos.it/mailman/listinfo/pw_forum">http://www.democritos.it/mailman/listinfo/pw_forum</a><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">_______________________________________________<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">Pw_forum mailing list<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="mailto:Pw_forum@pwscf.org">Pw_forum@pwscf.org</a><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><a href="http://www.democritos.it/mailman/listinfo/pw_forum">http://www.democritos.it/mailman/listinfo/pw_forum</a><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><br>_______________________________________________<br>Pw_forum mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Pw_forum@pwscf.org">Pw_forum@pwscf.org</a><br>http://www.democritos.it/mailman/listinfo/pw_forum<br></div></blockquote></div><br><div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">---</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">Stefano Baroni - SISSA</span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "> </span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">&</span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "> </span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center - Trieste</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://stefano.baroni.me">http://stefano.baroni.me</a> [+39] 040 3787 406 (tel) -528 (fax) / stefanobaroni (skype)</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; font-size: 12px; "><br style="font-size: 12px; "></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; font-size: 12px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">La morale est une logique de l'action comme la logique est une morale de la pensée - Jean Piaget</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><br></span></font></div></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">Please, if possible, don't</span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "> </span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">send me MS Word or PowerPoint attachments</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; ">Why? See:</span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "> </span></font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0023E9" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</a></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0023E9" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div></div></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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